Douglas Morton Dunlop
The History of the Jewish Khazars.
// Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1954. 293 pp.
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Contents
Introduction. — ix
Place of the Khazars in history – Relations with Byzantium – Part played in checking Muslim advance like the Franks in the West – Materials for an account of them – Previous treatment of their history – Acknowledgments.
Chapter I. THE EMERGENCE OF THE KHAZARS. — 3
Derivation of the name – Relation of the Khazars to the Huns – Relation to the West Turks – Armenian and Georgian references – Racial characteristics – Arabic and Persian accounts of the Khazars in pre-Islamic times – Relations with the Sassanids – Khazars and Kidarites – The earliest Western sources – Sabirs and Khazars – Heraclius and the Khazars.
Chapter II. A THEORY OF THE UIGUR ORIGIN OF THE KHAZARS. — 34
De Guignes’ equation Kosa=Khazars adopted by Gibbon – Ko-sa a tribe of the Uigurs – Chinese references to the Khazars as K‛o-sa – Are Ko-sa and K‛o-sa the same? – Evidence for the Uigurs in the West – Other grounds for connecting the Khazars with the Uigurs.
Chapter III. THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE KHAZAR STATE AND THE FIRST ARAB-KHAZAR WAR (A.D. 642-652). — 41
Khazar conquest of the Bulgars in the 7th century A.D. — Subsequent expansion from the Volga-Caucasus area to the Black Sea – Muslim advance to the Caucasus and first clashes with the Khazars – The first Arab-Khazar war (narrative of al-Ṭabari, al-Balādhuri, etc.)
Chapter IV. THE SECOND ARAB-KHAZAR WAR (A.D. 722-737). — 58
Armenian accounts – Khazar successes against the Arabs – Operations of Arab generals: al-Jarrāḥ ibn-‛Abdullāh al-Ḥakami and Maslamah ibn-‛Abd-al-Malik – Defeat and death of Jarrāḥ – Successful campaign of Sa‛īd ibn-‛Amr against the Khazars – Replaced by Maslamah ibn-‛Abd-al-Malik – Arab advance into Khazaria and disastrous retreat – Last phase of the war – Marwān ibn-Muḥammad marches to the Volga and subdues the Khazars (a.d. 737) – Withdrawal of the Arab forces – Relation of these events to the Khazar conversion to Judaism, traditionally dated a.d. 740 – Synchronism with Muslim operations beyond the Pyrenees.
Chapter V. THE KHAZAR CONVERSION TO JUDAISM: ACCORDING TO THE ARABIC SOURCES. — 80
Account of the conversion in al-Mas‛ūdi, al-Dimashqi, al-Bakri – Further Arabic sources for the Judaism of the Khazars: al-Iṣṭakhri, ibn-Ḥawqal, Yāqūt – Criticism: De Goeje, Kmosko – Account of ibn-Rustah – Cardīzi and ibn-Rustah – Marquart’s criticism – Ibn-Faḍlān’s account of the Khazars.
Chapter VI. THE KHAZAR CONVERSION TO JUDAISM: ACCORDING TO THE HEBREW SOURCES. — 116
The Kuzari of Jehudah ha-Levi – Ibn Shem Tob – Firkovitch’s claims – The Khazar Correspondence – Buxtorf’s negative view – Isaac Aqrish – R. Jehudah of Barcelona – Letter of Ḥasday ibn-Shaprut – Criticism: Marquart, Poliak – Reply of Joseph – Criticism: Landau – Letter and Reply obviously different in style – Implication of this – Cambridge Document – Criticism: Schechter, Kokovtsov, Poliak – The Gothic toparch – Cenizah fragments.
Chapter VII. TWO HUNDRED YEARS OF KHAZAR HISTORY. — 171
Byzantine authorities – Justinian II and the Khazars – Khazars in the Crimea – Leo the Khazar (Leo IV) – Arabs and Khazars after Marwān’s expedition – St. Abo in Khazaria – Building of the fortress of Sarkil – Alleged visit of Muhammad ibn-Mūsa al-Khwārizmi to Khazaria – Journey of Sallām the Interpreter – Byzantine mission to Khazaria circa a.d. 860 – Khazars and Magyars – Khazar expansion westwards – Criticism: Marquart, Bury, Grégoire – Mas‛ūdi’s account of the Khazars – Ibn-Ḥawqal – Abu-Ḥāmid al-Andalusi – Khazars in relation to official Jewry in Babylon (Iraq).
Chapter VIII. CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF THE KHAZARS. — 222
Character of the Khazars as Judaized Turks – Survey of their material resources – Khazar ships – Extent of their rule Kiev to the Oxus – Public revenue mainly from customs and tribute.
Chapter IX. THE END OF THE KHAZAR STATE. — 237
Relations of Khazars and Russians – Russian raids to the Caspian – Growing power of the Russians – Destruction of the Khazar capital on the Volga – Criticism: Marquart, Zeki Validi – Khazars after the disaster – Muslim sources – Russian Chronicle – Criticism: Barthold – Khāqāni and Genizah material – Kutschera’s view – Khazar and Jewish connections of the Seljuks – Obscurity of events before the Mongol invasions – Theories of the survival of the Khazars in modern times.
Bibliography and abbreviations. — 265
Index. — 273
Map on page 88
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